अध्याय - 12

शब्दावली

Vocabulary: Words often Confused
and Words often misspelt)

प्रश्न- Vocabulary ( शब्दावली ) को समृद्ध करने पर एक नोट लिखिए।

उत्तर -

Vocabulary तथा अभिव्यक्ति की शक्ति को अवश्य बढ़ाया जाना चाहिए तथा प्रत्येक अत्यन्त आकर्षित करने वाली अभिव्यक्ति को लिखते रहना चाहिए, उदाहरण के तौर पर, sparkle, glitler, twinkle, blaze, gleam; butcher-blue eyes, relax into delicious indolence. एक व्यक्ति लिखकर ही लिखना सीखता है। लेखन में 99% परिश्रम होता है तथा केवल 1% उत्प्रेरणा होती है।

शब्द संकलित किए जाने वाले सिक्कों की भाँति होते हैं जिन्हें दिमाग में रखना होता है। यदि आपके पास अधिक सिक्के हैं, तो आप ज्यादा धनवान होते हैं। शब्दों से वाक्य की रचना होती है तथा सर्वाधिक पसन्दीदा शब्द प्रभावपूर्ण वाक्यों की रचना करते हैं। English एक ऐसी भाषा है जिसकी Vocalulary दिन-प्रतिदिन बढ़ती जा रही है। आपको अपनी Vocabulary बढ़ाने के लिए प्रयास करना चाहिए।

सम्प्रेषण सभी जीवित प्राणियों/जानवरों के लिए आवश्यक / स्वाभाविक होता है।

अधिकांशतया मनुष्य अपने को व्यक्त करने के लिए भाषा का उपयोग करता है। परन्तु यह भी सत्य है कि एक व्यक्ति की भाषा अन्य व्यक्ति से अलग होती है। इस प्रकार किसी भाषा के शब्दों को प्रतीकों की श्रृंखला के अलावा और कुछ भी नहीं कहा जा सकता। भिन्न-भिन्न लोग अलग-अलग प्रतीकों या चिन्हों का उपयोग करके एक ही वस्तु का वर्णन कर सकते हैं।

English भाषा में निपुणता प्राप्त करने के लिए Vocabulary के निर्माण पर जोर देना आवश्यक होता है। Vocabulary का आशय उन शब्दों से है जिन्हें कोई व्यक्ति ठीक से जानता व समझता है तथा बार-बार उपयोग करता है। परन्तु, व्यावसायिक सम्प्रेषण पूर्णतया भिन्न होता है प्रभावी सम्प्रेषण में असफल रहने से व्यवसाय को हानि हो सकती है। यदि कोई व्यक्ति संदेश को स्पष्टतया व्यक्त करने में असफल रहता है, तो इसका व्यवसाय की छवि एवं लाभदायकता पर विपरीत प्रभाव पड़ेगा। अतएव व्यवसायी व प्रबन्ध को नए शब्द जोड़कर न केवल अपनी सक्रिय Vocabulary बढ़ानी चाहिए वरन् शब्दों का सही आशय एवं उपयोग भी सीखना चाहिए। उदाहरण के तौर पर विपणन में 'Strategies' अधिक बिक्री के अनुक्रम में अपनाया गया एक उचित एवं गम्भीर कौशल होता है, परन्तु दूसरी ओर 'gimmicks' एक ऐसे चालबाजीपूर्ण व्यवहार को इंगित करता है जो ग्राहक को मूर्ख बनाने के लिए किया जाता है। इस प्रकार इन दोनों शब्दों को समान समझना गलत होगा।

हमें उन शब्दों का सटीक अर्थ जानना चाहिए जिन्हें जो कि उपयोग होते हैं। बहुत से शब्द जो एक ही अर्थ में अथवा synonyms (समानार्थी ) रूप में होते हैं उनमें कुछ गूढ़ अन्तर होता है। अच्छी डिक्शनरी देखने से vocabulary बढ़ाने में मदद मिलती है। यह भी बहुत महत्वपूर्ण होता है कि यह सीखा जाय कि शब्द विशेष का किस संदर्भ में उपयोग हो सकता है।

Vocabulary समृद्ध करने में निम्नलिखित को शामिल किया जाता है

• Choice of words.
• Homonyms or words often confused.
• Synonyms.
• Antonyms.
• Single word for group of words.

उन शब्दों के groups अथवा pairs जो sound में समतुल्य हों लेकिन जिनकी spelling तथा meaning भिन्न हों, वे homonyms कहलाते हैं। वे इस तरह आसान हो सकते हैं जैसे - too- two, inn-in, ring-wring, principle-principal, access-excess, accept-except, stationary-stationary आदि। लिखते समय इन शब्दों को सावधानीपूर्वक उपयोग करना पड़ता है।

(Groups of Words with their Usage)

1. Able-Capable

Able - (having the power, skill etc)
As I had enough money I was able to help her.
Capable - (having the ability or power to do)
He is capable of working for nine hours.

2. Abandon-Abundance

Abandon- (to leave completely): He abandoned his wife and went away with all the money.
Abundance - (affluence, plentifulness): The farmers are enjoying their abundance on account of rich harvest.

3.Access-Excess

Access - (approach): The CEO of the company is easy of access.
Excess -  (more than) Our profits are far in excess of what we expected.

4..Accident-Incident

Accident - (mishap) He met with a serious accident.
An accidental meeting is a meeting by chance.
He came here by accident (chance)

Incident - (event) The manager narrated an interesting incident. An incidental expenditure is an expenditure occurring by chance in connection with something else.

5. Adapt-Adopt-Adept

Adapt -  to adjust We shall have to adapt this technology to Indian conditions.
Adopt - to take up: You should not adopt unfair means even if you fail.
Adept - skilled; Those who are adept in the art of flattery make rapid progress.

6 - Advice-Advise

Advice -  Advice is a noun and the end-sound is-s.
You can offer advice.
Advise - Advise is a verb and the end sound is-z.
My mother advised me to work hard.

7. Affect-Effect

Affect -  (influenced) Poverty has not affected his honesty.
He affected indifference to his beloved in the presence of his father. (pretended)
Effect - (result) Education has had no effect on his behaviour. The MD effected some changes in the company. (brought about)

8.Alternate-Alternative

Alternate - leaving one and taking the next : We visit the market on alternate days.
Alternative other choice: I have no alternative but to appoint this candidate.

9.Appraise-Apprise

Appraise - to estimate, to judge: It is difficult to appraise the work of the secretary.
Apprise -  to inform : The manager of the firm has been apprised of the whole situation,

10.Allude-Elude

Allude - (to make an indirect reference): He did not speak Mr. Sharma's name, but it was clear he was alluding to him.
hunters - .Elude (to escape by a trick, or from memory): The fox eduded the hunters.
His name eludes my memory.

11. Artist-Artiste-Artisan

Artist - (one who practices a fine art): Shanker is a great artist.
Artiste -  (a professional performer): Stage and cine artistes make a lot of money.
Artisan - (skilled workman): Villages are teeming with artisans.

12. Artistic-Artificial-Artful

Artistic -  (beautiful): The woodwork of this building is very artistic.
Artificial - (not natural, man-made): Artificial silk is no comparison to natural silk.
Artful - (cleverly decritful): A large number of our legislators are artful politicians.

13. Artistry-Artifice

Artistry - (artistic skill): Many tourists fail to appreciate the artistry of our historical buildings.
Artifice - (Clever trick or deception): Mohan got his promotion not by merit but by artifice.

14.Averse-Adverse

Averse - (opposed): I am averse to cheap jokes..
Adverse - (going against): He must guard against any adverse entry in his confidential report.

15.Bail-Bale

Bail -  (money left with a court so that a prisoner may be set free): He was freed on bail.
Bale -  (a large lightly tied mass of goods) The trucks were loaded with bales of cotton.

16. Bare-Bear

Bare - (uncovered) Her feet were bare and hair undressed.
The bare walls made the room look dull.
Bear - (endure, suffer) Who will bear this loss?
Please bear with us while the site is under construction.
She bore two children. (gave birth to)-(Past tense of bear)

17. Beneficial-Beneficent

Beneficial - Progressive measures are beneficial to the society.
Beneficent - Beneficent people are worthy of respect. (doing good)

18.Berth-Birth

Berth - (a fixed narrow shelf-like bed in a railway carriage, ship etc.)
I could not get the lower berth in the compartment.
Birth -  (coming into life, existence) The birth of a child made thecouple, happy.

19.Beside-Besides

Beside - (next to : in addition): Ram lives in a town beside the sea. I want to do in any case; the cost is beside the point.
Besides - (in addition to): There were for others present at the meeting besides Mr. Raju.

20.Casual-Causal

Casual - incidental : The Managing Director made a casual reference to the diversification plans.
Causal - denoting cause: He must give me in detail all the causal factors.

21.Check-Cheque

Check - (verify) Who can check the work of an officer?
Cheque - (a negotiable instrument used in trade) He gave me ablank cheque.

22.Cite-Sight-Site

Cite - to quote: He cited many examples to support his argument.
Sight -  view, vision: The sight of the new factory filled his heart with happiness.
Site -  place for building: This site is very suitable for a chemical factory

23. Compliment-Complement

Compliment - an expression of regard: I paid him compliments on his fine handling of the office work.
Complement - that which completes : A good secretary complements the work of the chairman.

24.Council-Counsel

Council - The Prime Minister will consult the Council of Ministers before taking the final decision.
Counsel - advice: I am grateful to you for this valuable counsel.

25.Credible-Creditable

Credible - believable I don't find the statement of the cashier credible.
Creditable - -worthy of credit: Our company's performance this year is quite creditable.

26.Continual-Continuous

Continual - (repeated, regular): He hates these continual arguments with his employee.
Continuous -  (unbroken, without interruption): The brain needs a continuous supply of blood.

27.Collaborate-Corroborate

Collaborate - (to work together or with someone): Lakshmikant and Pyarelal collaborated in music direction.

Corroborate - (to support or strengthen): A person who saw the road accident corroborated the driver's statement,

28.Confident-Confidant

Confident - (feeling or showing confidence): The young debater spoke in a confident voice.
Confidant - (a person to whom one tells one's secrets) Deepa is the director's confidant.

29.Decease-Disease

Decease - Let us pray for the soul of the deceased. (dead)
Disease Cancer is a terrible disease.

30. Dependant-Dependent

Dependant - one who depends on another for his maintenance : He left sufficient money for the dependants.
Dependent -relying on: Most of the farmers are still dependent on rain.

31. Deprecate-Depreciate

Deprecate -  to disapprove strongly His father deprecated his proposal of setting up independent business firm.
Depreciate - to go down: The cost of car has depreciated.

32. Device-Devise

Device -  (noun): The new device will cut down the cost of production considerably.
Devise -  (verb): I have devised a new strategy to increase efficiency in the office.

33.Elicit-Illicit

Elicit - A polite letter will always elicit a reply. (draws out)
Illicit - There were many illicit distilleries in the village. (unlawful)

34. Emigrant-Immigrant

Emigrant - one who leaves his country to live in another: The owner of this car is an emigrant from USA.
Immigrant - one who comes to live in a foreign country: In England the immigrants do not enjoy the same rights as the British.

35.Equitable-Equable

Equitable - fair, just: There ought to be equitable distribution of work among all the workers.
Equable - uniform: The climate of Mumbai is equable.

36. Expedient-Expeditious

Expedient - desirable, advisable : It is not expedient for you to see the chairperson at this moment.
Expeditious- quickExpeditious steps should be taken by theproduction manager to increase the output.

37.Economic-Economical

Economic -  (connected with trade, industry, wealth): The country is in a bad economic condition.
Economical - (not wasteful): She is an economical house keeper and feeds her family wisely..

38.Ensure-Insure-Assure

Ensure - (to make something certain): His one book ensured his fame.
Insure -  (to protect against loss): My ship is insured against fire.
Assure - (to promise) I assure you that you will get the best treatment here.

39.Equal-Equitable

Equal - (the same in size, number, value, rank): Women demand equal pay for equal work.
Equitable -  (fair and just): He made equitable division of his property among his children.

40.Exhausting-Exhaustive

Exhausting -  (tiring): Basket-ball is an exhausting game.
Exhaustive - (considering all aspects): I have made an exhaustive study of the problem.

41.Ghastly-Ghostly

Ghastly - The sight of the wounded at the accident site was ghastly. (horrible)
Ghostly - He saw a ghostly figure in the room. (like ghost/ eerie)

42. Historic-Historical

Historic - (famous in history, memorable) India won a historic victory over Pakistan.
Historical - (relating to history) This historical fact can easily be verified.

43.Honorary-Honourable

Honorary - holding an office without receiving a pay: Mr. Kaushik is an honorary member of our society.
Honourable -worthy of honour: Many honourable Members of Parliament were present on this occasion.

44. Interrupt-Intervene

Interrupt -  (to break the flow of something): We should not interrupt guest's speech
Intervene -  (to interrupt so as to prevent something bad) They stopped fighting when their father intervened.

45.Illicit-Illegal- Illegitimate

Illicit - (done against a law): Tough measures must be taken against illicit trading in drugs.
Illegal - (against the law): It is illegal to park your car here.
Illegitimate - (not allowed by the rules): An illegitimate child i.e., one born to an unmarried mother, will have no place in society.

46. Human-Humane

Human - (characteristic of mankind) It is a human to err.
Humane - (compassionate or benevolent) India accorded a humane treatment to Pakistani Prisoners of War.

47.Industrial-Industrious

Industrial - relating to industry: Discuss the prominent features of the industrial policy.
Industrious hard working: Being industrious, he has secured a high first division.

48. Judicial-Judicious
Judicial - pertaining to law: This is my decision in my judicial capacity.
Judicious - wise: We should be judicious in choosing our career.

49. Later-Latter

Later - comparative degree of 'late': He reached the office later than
Latter -  coming after (refers to position): Sita and Gita are the two secretaries. The latter is the more dynamic of the two.

50. Loose-Lose

Loose - This shirt is too loose for you.
Lose - You are sure to lose in this bargain.

51.Momentary-Momentous-Memento

Momentary - (lasting only for a moment) A momentary pleasure may be a curse for a lifetime.
Momentous -  (of great importance) The split in the party was momentous.
Memento - This book was given to me as a memento by my sister. (something that serves to remind one of a person or event)

52. Necessaries-Necessities

Necessaries - things without which life is not possible, such as food, clothing and shelter: The necessaries of life should be available at low prices in the market.
Necessities - pressing needs: You should not adopt unfair means to fulfil the necessities of life.

53.Negligent-Negligible

Negligent - careless Members found negligent will be taken to task.
Negligible - very little : There was a negligible rise in the output.

54. Observance-Observation

Observance - (act or practice of observing rules) strict observance of rules is the mark of a good sportsman.
Observation - (the process of observing or monitoring) Science .makes progress through observation.

55.Official-Officious

Official - connected with the office: The Human Resource Manager has gone on an official tour.
Officious - meddlesome: I get irritated at his officious manners.

56. Persecute-Prosecute

Persecute - At some places, people are persecuted for their religious beliefs. (persistently harassed)
Prosecute - He was prosecuted for rash driving. (start legal proceedings against)
The accused was prosecuted for committing murder.
He had no resources to prosecute his studies. (pursue / continue with a view to complete)

57.Personnel-Personal

Personnel -  persons employed in any service: This office employs highly educated and cultured personnel.
Personal - private Personal matters should not be discussed in the office.

58.Plain-Plane

Plain - Plain, blunt men are never popular. (frank)
Plane - His superstition places him on the same plane as the savages. (level)

59.Popular-Populous

Popular - Gaurav is very popular among girls. (liked or admired).
Populous - Calcutta is the most populous city in India. (having a large population)

60.Practical-Practicable

Practical - opposed to theoretical His plan is attractive but there will be some practical problems.
Practicabl -  that which can be translated into action: His plan isattractive but not practicable.

61.Practice-Practise

Practice - (noun): Practice makes a man perfect.
Practise - (verb): Mini practised music everyday.

62. Precede-Proceed

Precede -  to go before: Duty should precede everything else.
Proceed - to go on The inspection committee is proceeding to Lucknow tomorrow.

63.Principal-Principle

Principal - chief; the head of an institution: The Principal should be a good administrator.
Principle - It is my principle not to interfere in other's affairs.

64. Refuge-Refuse

Refuge - He sought refuge in my home. (place of shelter from danger)
Refuse - He refused to accept an gift. (not to accept) India streets are littered with refuse. (dirt)

65. Root-Route-Rout

Root - Let us get to the root of the matter. (basics, core) Route - We shall take the shortest route. (way)
Rout - The army was routed. (put to flight / completely defeated)

66. Social-Sociable

Social - Dowry is a social evil. (relating to society)
Sociable -  A sociable man is welcome in any society. (friendly person)

67. Stationary-Stationery

Stationary - The truck hit a stationary car. (adjective standing still)
Stationery - He sells stationery. (noun - pen, paper, etc.)

68. Superficial-Superfluous

Superficial -  (not deep): His ideas are superficial. That is why nobody takes him seriously.
Superfluous - (more than needed): Cut down superfluous words from your reports.

69.Union-Unity

Union - Union is strength. (the action or fact of being united)
Unity - He worked ceaselessly for Hindu-Muslim unity. (The state of being united)

70.Veracity-Voracity

Veracity - (truthfulness) You can vouch for the veracity of her statement.
Voracity - (state of having limitless hunger for something): He has shocking voracity for money.

71.Vocation-Avocation

Vocation - (a job for which one has special ability): Malti has chosen teaching children as her vocation.
Avocation - (work done for pleasure): Photography is my avocation.

72. Wait-Await

Wait - (to stay till something / somebody comes): How long will you wait?
Await - (to wait for ) : He is awaiting your reply.

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