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एम ए सेमेस्टर-1 - अंग्रेजी - चतुर्थ प्रश्नपत्र - इण्डियन इंगलिश लिटरेचर

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एम ए सेमेस्टर-1 - अंग्रेजी - चतुर्थ प्रश्नपत्र - इण्डियन इंगलिश लिटरेचर

Unit-I : Concepts

Chapter - 1
Postmodernism and Post-colonialism and their influence on Indian Writing in English, Contemporary Indian English Poetry and Drama (post-independence) and Dalit Voices

Question- Write about Post-Colonial Indian writings in English Literature?

Answer - 

Introduction: The board meaning of the term 'Post colonialism' can be best understood by tracing the etymology of the words "Post" and "Colony". The word 'Post' is derived from the Latin term 'Postis' which means 'after' or 'behind'. The word 'Colony' takes its origin from the Latin term 'Colonus', which refers to 'a cultivator' a planter or a settler in a new land". Literally the term 'Postcolonialism' refers to the "period after colonialism". Broadly the term, Postcolonalism refers to "the ways in which race, ethnicity, culture and human identity itself are represented in the moder era, after many colonized countries gained their independence.

Until the mid-twentieth century, the European powers exerted ther dominance over the vast regions of Asia, Africa and South America. The dominance was confined not only to the political lives of the people, but also extended to the cultural, economic and social living conditions of the colonized people. A massive struggle in the colonized nations resulted in the over throw of the colonial rule. These liberated nations are known as "Postcolonial". Suggesting "liberation from colonialism and imperialism". In this way, the term, "Post coloniality" can be defined as,

The historical, cultural, economical, political and actual living conditions of the newly independent nations.

Post-Colonial Literature - 'Until the lion learns how to write', every story will glorify the hunter. These words of Nozipo Maraire stresses the necessity colonial literature' refers to "the literature produced by the people, who were formally colonized and subjugated". In other words Postcolonial Literature', refers to the body of works by the colonized people to annihilate the influences exerted by the colonizers in their lives". Postcolonial Literature emerged in the mid-twentieth century, when many colonized nations were fighting for their liberation from the colonizers. Helen Gilbert's definition of 'Postcolonism' read as.

It is the term that indicates a degree of agency or a programme of resistance against cultural domination, signals the existence of a particular historical legacy, a stage in culture's transition into a modern nation state.

The term "Postcolonial" has become a convenient term to described as resistance against class, race and gender oppression.

Language Employed By the Postcolonial Writers - Post colonial writers differ in their view of the choice of language in Post colonial writings.

Some writers stress the use of native language in their works. These writers strongly believe that their age old customs, manners and traditions can be expressed best in their native language. Ngugi Wa Thiong'o, a post colonialist writer from Kenya is one such writer who had a successful start in the English language. Ngugi then ceased to write in English and started writing in Gikuyu, a language spoken primarily by the Kikuyu people of Kenya.

Another set of writers prefer the usage of the language of the colonisers, may it be English or French. These writers wanted to enhance the internation communication, by writing in English. They aim at redirecting the rool of language' against the colonisers. The Post-colonial English writers employ the colonisers' language, to oppose the colonisers and to rectify the damages created by them in the historical, social, cultural and economical sects.

Post Colonial Theory - "Postcolonialism' as a "critical literary theory emerged in the mid-ninteenth century. Postcolonial theory is a literary theory or critical approach which focuses on the literature produced by the countries, which were once colonized. In some instances, it also deals with the literature written by the colonizing countries, which takes "Colonies and their people" as the subject matter. The Australian critics. Bill Ashcroft, Gareth Griffiths and Helen Tiffins, summarise the essence of "Post colonial theory" in a nutshell as,

Post colonial theory involves discussion about experience of various kinds; migration, slavery, suppression, resistance, representation, difference, race, gender, place and responses to the influential master discourses of imperial Europe such as history, philosophy and linguistics and the fundamental experience of speaking and writing by which all these come into being, None of these is essentially' postcolonial, but together they form the complex fobric of the field..

Post colonial Indian English Literature - The Indian subcontinent remained under the British Imperial rule for more than two hundred years. During the Imperial rule, the natives were subjected to a number of harassments. Especially, the cultural and moral lives of the natives were deeply disconfigured. Accordingly, the Indian writers emerged with a view to unite Indians and to wipe out the colonial perspectives. As there were many regional languages in India, the Indian writers in English came to be known as "Indian English Literature". The early works of the Indian English authors were set against the backdrop of the "Postcolonial" themes of Nationalism', 'Racism', Ethnicism' and 'cultural identity,. The writers also dealt with a variety of subthemes such as 'rootlessness, 'alienation', 'gender discrimination', labour exploitation', 'hybridity', 'poverty', 'corrution', margnalism' and so on. Among the various genes of Postcolonial Indian English literature, the genre of 'novel', energed as the most successful and effective one. Amit choudhari, in his book, "Picador Book of Modern Indian Literature", expresses his view about novel as,

The Postcolonial novel, becomes a tope for an ideal hybridity by which the west celebrates not so much Indianess, whatever that infinitely complex things is, but its own historical quest, its reinterpretation of itself.

The early exponents of Postcolonial Indian English Literature are Bankim Chandra Chatterjee, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, Sri Aurobindo, Rabindranath Tagore, Mulk Raj Anand, Raja Rao, R.K. Narayan and so on. The writers of the modern age are Salman Rushdie, Hanif Kureishi, Rohinton Mistry, Amitav Ghosh, Vikram Seth, Shashi Tharoor and so on. The Postcolonial Indian English Literature gave enormous scope for the women writers. The woman writers who received universal recognition are Nayantrara Sehgal, Anita Desai, Arundhati Roy, Kiran Desai, Jhumpa Lahri and so on.

Salman Rushdie's Second novel, "Midnight's Children", published in 1981, ushered a new trend in the postcolonial writings through the application of a technique named, 'Magical realism'. The Cuban novelist, Alejo Carpentier, defines the term 'magical realism' as,

........ an unexpected alteration of reality.........

An unaccustomed insight that is singularly favoured by the unexpected richness of reality or on amplification of the scale and categories of reality.

The technique of 'magical realism' is used by the Indian English writers as a Postcolonial effort to resist the European notions of realism. 'Magical realism' promotes hybridity of cultures by defamiliarising the readers and by broadening their perspective of the global world.

The novel is narrated by the protagonist, Saleem Sinai, who stands as a representative of the new class of Indian youths after independence. By endowing the protagonist with magical powers, the novelist speculates on a variety of themes like 'nationalism', 'realism', 'partition', politics' and so on. The novelist asserts the fact that, in the Postcolonial Indian scene, the growth and development of each and every individual is directly proportional to the wholesome development of the nation.

The women writers of the Postcolonial Indian English Literature, switched on to the microscopic themes of 'alienation', 'poverty', 'isolation and 'disillusionment' in the familial lives of the Indian folk. Anita Desai's first novel, "Cry the Peacock", published in 1963, echoes the sufferings and agony of the Indian women folk. Maya, the woman protagonist of the novel, experiences an unhappy marital life. Maya has been married to a middle aged lawyer named Gautama, who devotes much of his time to his career. The astrologer's prediction about Maya's carly demise, makes her nervous. She wants to enjoy life to the fullest, with the minimal time. However, all her sexual advances has a cold response from Gautama. In a sense of dejection, Maya is driven insane which deals to Gautama's tragic death. Maya's sense of 'alienation' and 'rootlessness' reflects the plight of the entire Indian womenfolk. In his book, "The Second Sex', Simone de Beauvoir, says as,

One is not born but rather becomes a women. Je No biological, psychological or economic fate  determines the figure that the human female present in society, it is civilization as a whole that produces this creature.

In this way, the Postcolonial Indian English authors composed their works with a view to voice the suffering of the under privileged, in order to uplift them, thereby contributing to the growth of the nation, both culturally and socially.


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    अनुक्रम

  1. Question- Write about Post-Colonial Indian writings in English Literature?
  2. Question- What is Postmordanism in English Literature?
  3. Question- Write an essay Postmoderism's influence of Indian writing in High Ab Han English Literature?
  4. Question- What is Dalit Literature?
  5. Question- Write about Dalit's voice: A voice from the Margin?
  6. Question- Write the development of Indian English Poetry, since the 1980s.
  7. Question- What is experimental Theatre?
  8. Question- What is Indians in Indian "English Literature”?
  9. Question- Define the term 'Indian English Literature'?
  10. Question- What is contemporary poetry in English Literature?
  11. Question- What is India drama in English Literature?
  12. Question- What is experimental Poetry?
  13. Question- Write about the origin of structuralism and Post-structuralism.
  14. Question- Write the theory of Post-modernism.
  15. Question- What do understand by the post-colonialism?
  16. Question- Write the influence of Postmoderanism on English Literature?
  17. Question- Write about the Renaissance in India and other essays on Indian culture.
  18. Question- Write about Renaissance in India and the nature of India culture as explicated by Sri Aurobindo.
  19. Question- Who is Sri Aurobindo? Give an introduction of him.
  20. Question- What are the ideas on Indian culture of Aurobindo, given in his essay 'Indian culture and external influence'?
  21. Question- Write an introduction of Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan. with whole life.
  22. Question- What is Idealism?
  23. Question- Write an introduction of 'An Idealist View of Life' by Radhakrishnan.
  24. Question- How does an idealist view life?
  25. Question- Write an introduction of Nirad C. Chaudhari.
  26. Question- Write the background of the book 'A passage to England' by C. Chaudhari.
  27. Question- Write a summary of 'A Passage to England' with giving an introduction of book. and describe 'The English Scene'.
  28. Question- What is the purpose of Chaudhari to write 'A Passage to England?
  29. Question- Write a short note on the life and works of Mrs. Meenakshi Mukherjee.
  30. Question- What do you know about The Perishable Empire : Essays on Indian writing in English' by Meenakshi Mukherjee?
  31. Question- Critically appreciate the poem The Harp of India'.
  32. Question- Give a brief life sketch of Henry Derozio.
  33. Question- Write a short note on Young Bengal Movement.
  34. Question- Provide a brief background of the poem 'The Harp of India'.
  35. Question- What do you know about part 1 of the poem?
  36. Question- What do you know about part 2 of the poem?
  37. Question- What impact has the prevailing conditions of the times made on India in the poem 'The Harp of India'?
  38. Question- Expalin with reference to the context any two of the following passeges.
  39. Question- Write a critical appreciation of 'Love Poem for a Wife' by A. K. Ramanujan.
  40. Question- In which style 'Love poem for a wife' is written? Explain.
  41. Question- Expalin with reference to the context any two of the following passeges.
  42. Question- Who is R. Parthasarathy? Write about his life and career.
  43. Question- What is the summary of the poem 'Exile from Homecoming"?
  44. Question- Write a Critical appreciation of the poem 'Exile From Homecoming'.
  45. Question- What has happened to poetry and why?
  46. Question- Why does the speaker recommend newspapers?
  47. Question- What is the introduction of 'Exile From Homecoming'?
  48. Question- Expalin with reference to the context any two of the following passeges.
  49. Question- What is the introduction of the poem 'Palanquin-Bearer'?
  50. Question- What is the critical appreciation of "The Palanquin Bearers'?
  51. Question- Write life and works of Sarojini Naidu.
  52. Question- What is the message in Palanquin Bearers by Sarojini Naidu?
  53. Question- What is the mood, tone and setting of the palanquin Bearers?
  54. Question- What is the Summary of the poem The Palanquin Bearers'?
  55. Question- Expalin with reference to the context following passege.
  56. Question- Write life and works of Shiv K. Kumar.
  57. Question- Write a note on Shiv K. Kumar as a poet.
  58. Question- Write a critical appreciation of the poem, 'Pilgrimage'.
  59. Question- Expalin with reference to the context following passege.
  60. Question- What do you know about Dom Moraes?
  61. Question- What is the summary of the poem "Bells for William Wordsworth".
  62. Question- Expalin with reference to the context following passege.
  63. Question- What is the summary of the poem Tribute to Papa' by Mamta Kalia?
  64. Question- Mamta Kalia's poem Tribut to Papa' is quest for an identy. Write about it?
  65. Question- Expalin with reference to the context following passege.
  66. Question- Explain how myth and symbolism are integral parts of Raja Rao's fictional act in Kanthapura.
  67. Question- What are the main features of Raja Rao's narrative technique in Kanthapura?
  68. Question- The three levels of action in Kanthapura-political, social and religious are all related to a unified concept of India. Discuss the structure of the novel in the light of the statement.
  69. Question- Provide a summary of the novel 'Kanthapura'.
  70. Question- What are the important themes one can find in Kanthapura?
  71. Question- Place Raja Rao in the context of the evolution of the Indian writing in English.
  72. Question- What do you know about the historical and political background of Kanthapura?
  73. Question- How deep and wide is the impact of Gandhi's personality and his thought on the theme of Kanthapura?
  74. Question- What do you know about Kanthapura and its people?
  75. Question- What is the significance of the Skeffington Coffee Estate in the overall account of the village in Kanthapura?
  76. Question- What are those qualities that go into the making of Moorthy, the central figure in Kanthapura?
  77. Question- What do you think of the women characters in Kanthapura? What is their role in the action of the novel?
  78. Question- How successful is Moorthy in leading his followers in the Satyagraha movement of the village?
  79. Question- Write a short essay on 'Considerations of Caste' in Kanthapura.
  80. Question- How successful is Achakka, the narrator in her attempt to tell the story of her village in the context of the Satyagraha movement?
  81. Question- Comment on some of the male character - other than Moorthy in Kanthapura.
  82. Question- What are some important themes in the novel 'The Guide'?
  83. Question- Provide a detailed character sketch of Raju (The Guide).
  84. Question- Can The Guide' be called a picaresque novel?
  85. Question- Comment on the narrative technique in "The Guide'.
  86. Question- Unravel the various aspects of Rosie's character in the light of the novel.
  87. Question- Sum up the literary elements found in the novel.
  88. Question- How is the concept of universality explored in the novel?
  89. Question- Write a short note on R.K. Narayan.
  90. Question- What do you know about Raju from 'The Guide'?
  91. Question- Give a brief character sketch of Rosie.
  92. Question- What importance does the town 'Malgudi' carry in most of the novel of R.K. Narayan?
  93. Question- Give a brief character sketch of Marco.
  94. Question- Write a brief character sketch of Velan.
  95. Question- How is title of the novel 'The Guide' appropriate?
  96. Question- Critically analyze the novel The Guide.'
  97. Question- Is Raju a transformed man by the end of the novel?
  98. Question- Is Velan a mere fool or a major accessory to Raju's transformation?
  99. Question- What roles do dharma and Karma play in the text?
  100. Question- What are the some important metaphors we come across after reading in the novel?
  101. Question- Write about the whole life of Shashi Deshpande with works.
  102. Question- Shashi Deshpande's craft as a novelist a study with special reference to 'That long Silence'
  103. Question- What is theme of the novel 'That Long Silence'?
  104. Question- Describe Jaya's Quest for self in "That Long Silence' by Shashi Deshpande.
  105. Question- What do you mean by the title of the novel 'That Long Silence'?
  106. Question- What is the introduction of Shashi Deshpande?
  107. Question- What is 'That Long Silence' about?
  108. Question- What is the relationship between Jaya and Mohan in the "That Long Silence'?
  109. Question- Who always reminds Jaya That husband is like sheltering tree?
  110. Question- Who is Kamat in the novel 'That Long Silence'?
  111. Question- What is the Indroduction of Firdaus Kanga's 'Trying to Grow'?
  112. Question- Analysis of Trying to Grow' by Firdaus Kanga.
  113. Question- Describe of Parsi Community in "Trying to Grow' by Firdaus Kanga?
  114. Question- Who is Firdaus Kanga?
  115. Question- What is the major achievement of 'Firdaus Kanga'?
  116. Question- Write about the sixth Happiness, BFI/BBC Film in 'Trying to Grow' by Firdaus Kanga.
  117. Question- Write life and works of Arundhati Roy.
  118. Question- How has Arundhati Roy projected the illicit or incestuous relations in 'The God of Small Things'?
  119. Question- Evaluate The God of Small Things' as a tale of confrontation as its theme.
  120. Question- Give a brief character sketch of Estha and Rahel.
  121. Question- Why did the relationship of Ammu and Velutha came to an abrup end?
  122. Question- Relate the atrocities faced by Ammu all her life and her insignificant end?
  123. Question- Describe the Roy's use of symbols and images in her novel.
  124. Question- Write the life and works of Ilavenil Meena Kandasamy.
  125. Question- What is the introduction of the novel 'When I Hit You?
  126. Question- Describe the portrayal of domestic violence in 'When I Hit You?
  127. Question- Write about The Feminism in 'When I Hit You?
  128. Question- What is the summary of the story "Two Lady Rams"?
  129. Question- Write a note on Indian-ness in "Two Lady Rams' by Mulk Raj Anand.
  130. Question- What is the significance of the Title 'Two Lady Rams'?
  131. Question- Who was the first wife of Lalla Jhinda Ram?
  132. Question- Who is Lalla Jhinda Ram?
  133. Question- Analyse the story "Two Lady Rams'.
  134. Question- Write about the life of Salman Rushdie.
  135. Question- Write about the carrer of Salman Rushdie.
  136. Question- Write the summary of the story "Free Radio" by Salman Rushdie.
  137. Question- Who was the narrator in the short story "The Free Radio'?
  138. Question- Justify the title of the story "The Free Radio'.
  139. Question- Who is Ramani and what is the role of Ramani in this story "The Free Radio'?
  140. Question- What is the introduction of the story 'The Free Radio'?
  141. Question- Why is the narrator so much concerned for Ramani?
  142. Question- What does the Free Radio Symbolize in the story free radio'?
  143. Question- Write about the sexism in the story 'The Free Radio'?
  144. Question- Write a summary of the story 'The Intrusion'.
  145. Question- Analyse the story "The Intrusion' as a quest for identity
  146. Question- Write about the human predicament and emotional suffocation in Shashi Deshpande's short story "The Intrusion'.
  147. Question- Write the justification of the title "The Intrusion.'
  148. Question- What does the wife want in the story "The Intrusion'?
  149. Question- Who is the intruder in the story 'The Intrusion'?
  150. Question- What is the summary of the story 'Diamond Dust' by Anita Desai?
  151. Question- Write about the themes of 'Diamond Dust' by Anita Desai.
  152. Question- Who is Mr. Das in the Story 'Diamond Dust'?
  153. Question- What is the role of Mrs Sheila Das in 'Diamond Dust?
  154. Question- Who is Diamond in the story 'Diamond Dust'?
  155. Question- Attempt a critical appreciation of Vijay Tendulkar's play, Silence! The Court is in Session.
  156. Question- Attempt an essay on Tendulkar's delineation of women in his play, silence! The court is in Session.
  157. Question- Discuss Tendulkar's humour satire and irony in 'Silence! The Court is in Session.'
  158. Question- Justify the title of Vijay Tendulkar's play, Silence! The Court is in Session.
  159. Question- Write a short note on the role of Sukhatme in the mock-trial in Tendulkar's play, Silence! The Court is in Session.
  160. Question- Wite the character sketch's of Mr. Kashikar.
  161. Question- Give a short account of Miss Benare as a teacher.
  162. Question- What verdict does Kashikar give in Benare's case?
  163. Question- Write a short note on Balu Rokde.
  164. Question- Bring out the significance of prof. Damle in Silence! The Court is in Session.
  165. Question- How does Tendulkar's play, Silence ! reveal society's partiality towards woman?
  166. Question- Life and work of Grish Karnad.
  167. Question- What is the introduction of 'The Fire and the Rain'?
  168. Question- Discuss the central themes of Girish Karnad's play, 'The Fire and the Rains'.
  169. Question- Write a character sketch of Yavakri.
  170. Question- Write a critical note on Paravasu-Vishakha relationship.
  171. Question- Write a character sketch Raibhya.
  172. Question- Comment on the significance of the role of the Actor Manager in "The Fire and the Rain'.
  173. Question- Wha is the theme of 'The Fire and The Rain'?
  174. Question- Who is Raibhya in "The Fire and The Rain'?
  175. Question- Who is Andhaka in the 'The Fire and The Rain'?
  176. Question- Who is Arvasu?
  177. Question- Write a note on the life and works of Manjula Padmanabhan.
  178. Question- Write the summary of 'Harvest' by Manjula Padamanabhan.
  179. Question- Write a note on Themes and Techniques in Manjula Padmanabhan's plays.
  180. Question- Who is the man character of the play 'Harvest'?
  181. Question- Who is Jaya in the story 'Harvest'?
  182. Question- How does Ginni control Om and his family?
  183. Question- Who is Ginni in the play 'Harvest'?
  184. Question- Discuss the theme of exploitation in the play 'Harvest'.

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